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Lesson 34
Adolescence
青春期
What do adolescents respect in parents?
Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed. They may even accuse them of disloyalty, or make some spiteful remark about the friends" parents. Such loss of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part to their parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.
Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. What the child cannot forgive is the parent"s refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.
Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.
DOTID OFLUM Journey Through Adolescence
New words and expressions 生詞和短語
adolescence
n.
slur
n. 青春期
adolescent
n. 底毀
disloyalty
n. 青少年(12-18歲)
spiteful
adj. 惡意的，懷恨的
disillusionment
n. 幻滅感
evaluation
n. 評價
infallibility
n. 一貫正確
resent
v. 怨恨
sincerity
n. 誠摯
victorian
adj. 維多利亞式的
retreat
v. 后退
unreasoning
adj. 不憑理智的
authoritarian
adj. 專制的
cow
v. 嚇唬
參考譯文
當(dāng)家長聽到孩子贊揚自己朋友的家時，總感到不安，認(rèn)為孩子在嫌棄自家的飯菜、衛(wèi)生、或家具，而且愚蠢地讓孩子看出自己的煩惱。他們甚至責(zé)備孩子不忠，或者講些小朋友家長的壞話。家長這種有失身份和孩子氣的作法使青春期的孩子大為震驚，決心以后不再向父母講述去過的地方和見過的人。不要很久,家長就會抱怨孩子守口如瓶，什么事也不告訴他們，殊不知這是他們自找的。
不管家長的人品有多么好，作為父母有多么合格，孩子們對家長幻想的破滅在某種程度上是不可避免的。除非父母自身不能令人滿意，大多數(shù)孩子對父母估價過高，以致這種估價很難指望經(jīng)受住現(xiàn)實的考驗。如果家長意識到孩子們通常是多么相信家長的品行和絕對正確，意識到孩子們的這種信念會對孩子產(chǎn)生多么大的影響，那么家長會大為吃驚和深受感動的。如果家長對青少年的這種反應(yīng)有思想準(zhǔn)備，并且意識到這象征著孩子們正在成熟和正在發(fā)展寶貴的觀察力、獨立判斷力，那么他們就不會那樣傷心，也就不會由于怨恨和抵觸這種反應(yīng)，而把孩子推到自己的對立面去。
青少年酷愛真誠，對于能夠承認(rèn)錯誤或無知、甚至承認(rèn)自己做得不分平或不公正的父母，他們總是尊敬的，孩子們所不能原諒的是：父母錯了，孩子們也看出來了，可是做父母的還不肯承認(rèn)。
維多利亞時代的父母認(rèn)為，他們可靠無理的氣派來維護(hù)自己的尊嚴(yán)，實際上那是根本不行的。孩子們只不過被嚇得不敢讓父母知道自己的想法罷了。雖然現(xiàn)在我們傾向于走向另一個極端，但總地來看，孩子和家長雙方態(tài)度都比較端正。遇事采取面對現(xiàn)實的態(tài)度總是比較明智和穩(wěn)妥的，盡管會有暫時的痛苦。
Lesson 35
Space odyssey
太空探索
When will it be possible for us to think seriously about colonising Mars?The Moon is likely to become the industrial hub of the Solar System, supplying therocket fuels fro its ships, easily obtainable from the lunar rocks in the from of liquidoxygen. The reason lies in its gravity. Because the Moon has only an eightieth of theEarth"s mass, it requires 97 per cent less energy to travel the quarter of a million milesfrom the Moon to Earth-orbit than the 200 mile-journey from Earth"s surface into orbit!This may sound fantastic, but it is easily calculated. To escape from the Earth in arocket, one must travel at seven miles per second. The comparable speed from the Moon isonly 1.5 miles per second. Because the gravity on the Moon"s surface is only a sixth ofEarth"s (remember how easily the Apollo astronauts bounded along), it takes much less energyto accelerate to that 1.5 miles per second than it does on Earth. Moon-dwellers will be ableto fly in space at only three per cent of the cost of similar journeys by their terrestrialdwellers will be able to fly in space at only three per cent of the cost of similar journeysby their terrestrial cousins.Arthur C. Clark once suggested a revolutionary idea passes through three phases:1 "It"s impossible -- don"t waste my time."2 "It"s possible, but not worth doing."3 "I said it was a good idea all along."The idea of colonising Mars -- a world 160 times more distant time the Moon -- will movedecisively from the second phase to the third, when a significant number of people areliving permanently in space. Mars has an extraordinary fascination for would-be voyagers.America, Russia and Europe are filled with enthusiasts -- many of them serious and seniorscientists -- who dream of sending people to it. Their aim is understandable. It is the oneworld in the Solar System that is most like the Earth. It is a world of red sandy deserts(hence its name -- the Red Planet), cloudless skies, savage sandstorms, chasms wider thanthe Grand Canyon and at least one mountain more than twice as tall as Everest. It seemsideal for settlement.7 DAYS, February 19, 1989
New words and expressions 生詞和短語
hub
n. (活動的)中心
lunar
adj. 月球的
oxygen
n. 氧氣
Apollo
n. 阿波羅
accelerate
v. 加速
terrestrial
adj. 地球的
permanently
adv. 永遠(yuǎn)地
fascination
n. 魅力
senior
adj. 資歷深的，年長的
chasm
n. 斷層，裂口
canyon
n. 峽谷
參考譯文
月球很可能成為太陽系的工業(yè)中心。從月球上的巖石中很容易提煉出液態(tài)氧，作為航天飛船的燃料。其原因在于月球的重力。因為月球的重只有地球的1/8，因此，從月球到地球的25萬英里所消耗的能量要比從地球表面進(jìn)入地球軌道的200英里所耗能量少97%。這點聽起來令人難以置信，但卻很容易計算出來。要乘坐一枚火箭飛離地球，火箭的速度要達(dá)到每秒7英里，而從月球出發(fā)的相應(yīng)速度史是每秒1.5英里。由于月球表面的重力僅是地球表面的1/6 -- 還記得阿波羅飛船中的宇航員累松地跳躍 -- 在月球上加速到每秒1.5英里比在地球上所用能源要少得多。月球居民在太空遨游的費用僅是地球上朋友飛越同樣路所需費用的3%。亞瑟.C.克拉克曾提議，一種創(chuàng)新的想法要經(jīng)過以下3個階段：1 “根本不可能，不要浪費我的時間。”2 “可能，但不值得做。”3 “我一直說這是個好想法。”如果有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的人永久性地住在太空，征服火星的計劃 -- 一個比月球遠(yuǎn)160倍的星球 -- 就可以明確地從第2階段進(jìn)入第3階段。火星對未來的星際旅客說有著特殊的魅力。美國、俄羅斯和歐洲都有許多熱心此項事業(yè)的人 -- 其中的不少是認(rèn)真和資深的科學(xué)家，他們一直夢想著把人送上火星。他們的目標(biāo)是可以理解的。火星是太陽系里與地球最接近的一顆行星。這是一個紅色沙漠的世界(因而得名：紅色行星)，無云的天空，兇猛的沙暴，比大峽谷還寬的裂縫，起碼有一座山有珠穆朗瑪峰的近兩倍高。看起來，它很合適居住。
Lesson 36
The cost of government
政府的開支
What is the most important factor, both in government or business, for keeping running costs low?
If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country. And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.
This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost -- the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities. and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly. As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting he expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.
RAYMOND FROST The Backward Society
New words and expressions 生詞和短語
disunited
adj. 分裂的
correspondingly
adv. 相應(yīng)地
backward
adj. 落后的
incur
v. 承擔(dān)
administer
v. 管理
adminstrative
adj. 行政管理的
analogous
adj. 類似的
overheads
n. 一般費用
initiative
n. 主動，積極性
checker
n. 檢查人員
foreman
n. 監(jiān)工
dividend
n. 紅利
unduly
adv. 過度地
參考譯文
如果一個國家實際上處于分裂狀態(tài)，使之聯(lián)合起來就是政府的事了。這樣的一來就增加了政府的開支，從而相應(yīng)地減少了可以用來了展國家的那部分經(jīng)濟(jì)資源。不應(yīng)忘記，在一個貧窮落后的國家里，那部分財力是很有限的。凡是政府管理費用高的地方，用于發(fā)展國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的資金就會相應(yīng)地減少。
把國家的狀況同私人企業(yè)的狀況加以比較，就可以看清這個問題。一個企業(yè)為了繼續(xù)經(jīng)營，不得不支出一定的費用和開銷。就我們的目的而言，我們只關(guān)心一種費用 -- 企業(yè)行政管理費。一家企業(yè)的行政管理開支類似于一個國家的政府管理所用的開支。如果企業(yè)中的每個人都在真誠地為提高企業(yè)利潤而工作，那么企業(yè)的管理費用就會降低到相應(yīng)的程度。如果企業(yè)的每個人都信得過，人人都認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)，在各自的工作范圍內(nèi)發(fā)揮主動性，行政管理費用就會降低。行政管理費用的降低的原因是：每項工作只需要一個人去完成，用不著另外再有一個人檢查工作。督促他遵守章程，或向有關(guān)人士匯報他的工作。但是，如果企業(yè)中誰也不可信賴會對工作盡忠守職，那公企業(yè)就會需大批的管理人員、檢查人員和帶班人員，管理費用就會相應(yīng)在增加。管理費用增加了，那么在扣除管理費用后，企業(yè)的收入就降低了。因此用于分紅的金額就用于將來開拓和發(fā)展的投資就相應(yīng)地減少了。
一個國家的情況也完全相同。如果人民忠于職守，舉止規(guī)矩，能受到政府的信賴，那么政府就不需要大批的警察和文職人員運去促使人民遵紀(jì)守法。但是，如果一個國家處于分裂狀態(tài)，政府不能相信人民的行動有利于國家，那么政府就不得不對人民進(jìn)行監(jiān)督、檢查和控制。因此，一個處于分裂的國家必須要支付過高的行政管理費用。
以上就是為大家整理的“新概念英語第四冊手冊【Lesson34、35、36】”，更多新概念英語的干貨內(nèi)容，歡迎訪問新東方新概念英語課堂，查看新概念英語第四冊答案、新概念英語第四冊詳解和新概念英語第四冊聽力可供參考。祝同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)新概念英語4順利!
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